Vector Search Algorithms: From Brute Force to HNSW and Beyond

Introduction: Vector search is the foundation of modern semantic retrieval systems, enabling applications to find similar items based on meaning rather than exact keyword matches. Understanding the algorithms behind vector search—from brute-force linear scan to sophisticated approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) methods—is essential for building efficient retrieval systems. This guide covers the core algorithms that power […]

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LLM Security: Understanding Prompt Injection, Jailbreaking, and Attack Vectors (Part 1 of 2)

A comprehensive guide to securing LLM applications against prompt injection, jailbreaking, and data exfiltration attacks. Includes production-ready defense implementations.

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LLM Batch Processing: Scaling AI Workloads from Hundreds to Millions

Introduction: Processing thousands or millions of items through LLMs requires different patterns than single-request applications. Naive sequential processing is too slow, while uncontrolled parallelism hits rate limits and wastes money on retries. This guide covers production batch processing patterns: chunking strategies, parallel execution with rate limiting, progress tracking, checkpoint/resume for long jobs, cost estimation, and […]

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Vector Search Optimization: The Complete Guide to Embeddings, Indexing, and Hybrid Search

Introduction: Vector search is the foundation of modern RAG systems, but naive implementations often deliver poor results. Optimizing vector search requires understanding embedding models, index types, query strategies, and reranking techniques. The difference between a basic similarity search and a well-tuned retrieval pipeline can be dramatic—both in relevance and latency. This guide covers practical vector […]

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The Future of Work: How AI and Automation Are Reshaping Careers

After two decades of architecting enterprise systems and leading digital transformation initiatives across financial services, healthcare, and technology sectors, I’ve witnessed firsthand how AI and automation are fundamentally reshaping the nature of work. This isn’t merely about replacing tasks—it’s about reimagining entire value chains, creating new categories of roles, and demanding a fundamental shift in […]

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LLM Output Formatting: JSON Mode, Pydantic Parsing, and Template-Based Outputs

Introduction: LLM outputs are inherently unstructured text, but applications need structured data—JSON objects, typed responses, specific formats. Getting reliable structured output requires careful prompt engineering, output parsing, validation, and error recovery. This guide covers practical output formatting techniques: JSON mode and structured outputs, Pydantic-based parsing, format enforcement with retries, template-based formatting, and strategies for handling […]

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